DRAFT: This module has unpublished changes.
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DRAFT: This module has unpublished changes.
User-uploaded Content
DRAFT: This module has unpublished changes.

BODY ORGANIZATION

 

Anatomy = Structure      Physiology = Function

I. Structural Organization/Organ Systems: 

Body Systems

 

1.  Integumentary System

Components:  skin, hair, nails, sense receptors, sweat glands, oil glands

Functions:  protection, regulation of body temp, synthesis of chemicals, sense organ

 

2.  Skeletal System

Components:  bones, joints, ligaments

Functions:  support, movement, storage of minerals, blood cell formation

 

3.  Muscular System

Components:  muscles: skeletal, smooth, cardiac, tendons

Function:  movement, maintenance of body posture, heat production

 

4.  Nervous System

Components:  brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs

Functions:  communication, integration, control, recognition of sensory stimuli

production of nerve impulses caused by stimuli; control is fast-acting and of short duration

 

5.  Endocrine System Structure

Components:

In skull: 

Pituitary gland

Pineal gland

Hypothalamus

In neck

Thyroid glands

Parathyroid glands

In mediastinum

Thymus glands

In abdominal cavity

Adrenal glands

Pancreas

Ovaries & Testes

 

Functions:  secretion of hormones into blood, communication, integration, control

control is slow- acting and of long duration; regulates growth, metabolism, reproduction, fluid and electrolyte balance

 

 

6.  Cardiovascular System

Components:  heart, blood vessels

Functions:  transportation, regulation of body temp., immunity (body defense)

 

7a.  Lymphatic System

Components:  lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen

Function:  transportation, immunity

 

7b.  Immune System

Components:  Unique cells, Phagocytes, Secretory cells, Specialized protein compounds,

Antibodies, complements

Function:  Defense against disease

 

8.  Respiratory System

Components:  nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs,

Functions:  Exchange of CO2 and O2 in alveoli of lungs, Filtration of irritants from inspired air, Regulation of acid-base balance

 

9.  Digestive System

Components: 

Primary: Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Sm. Intestine, Lg. Intestine, Rectum, Anal Canal

Secondary:  Teeth, Salivary glands, Tongue, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Appendix, Function:  Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, Absorption of nutrients

 

10.  Urinary System

Components:  Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra

Functions:  “Clearing” blood of waste products - excreted as urine; electrolyte, water, and acid-base balance; In male, urethra has urinary and reproductive functions

 

11.  Reproductive System

Components: 

Male:

Gonads: testes

Genital Ducts: vas deferens, urethra

Accessory Organ: prostate

Supporting Structures: genitalia (penis and scrotum)

Female:

Gonads: ovaries

Accessory Organs: uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes

Supporting Structures: genitalia (vulva), mammary glands (breasts)

 

Functions for both:  Survival of the species, production of sex cells, sex hormones

 


II. Anatomical References

A. Directional terms

anterior (ventral)=front
posterior (dorsal)=back
superior (cranial)=upper
inferior (caudal)=lower
medial=midline
lateral=away from midline

intermediate=between medial and lateral
proximal=point of origin
distal=away from origin
superficial=external/surface
deep=internal/beneath surface
parietal=associated with body wall

visceral=associated with organ

B. Regional Terms

cephalic=head
frontal=forehead
nasal=nose
orbital=eye
buccal=cheek
oral=mouth
cervical=neck
mental=chin
acromial=shoulder
sternal=breast bone
axillary=armpit
thoracic=chest
mammary=breast

brachial=arm
antecubital=front elbow
olecranal=back elbow
antebrachial=forearm
popliteal=posterior knee
sural=calf
carpal=wrist
palmar=palm
pollex=thumb
digital=fingers/toes
pubic=genital
patellar=anterior knee
crural=leg

tarsal=ankle
hallux=big toe
occipital=base of skull
vertebral=spinal
scapular=shoulder blade
dorsum=back
lumbar=loin
sacral=between hips
perineal=between anus and genitalia
femoral=thigh
calcaneal=heel
plantar=sole

C. Body Planes

Orientation of Plane

Adjective

parallel to the long axis

midsagittal - separates into equal right and left portions, it is the mid-line of the body

parasigittal - separates into unequal right and left portions

frontal (coronal) - parallel to the axis and separates the body into anterior and posterior portions

perpendicular to the long axis

transverse - separates the body into superior and inferior portions

diagonal to the long axis

oblique - any which intersects the axis at other than a right angle, separating the body on a diagonal

D. Body Cavities and Membranes

i. Cavities

  1. Dorsal cavity--lined with fibrous periosteum (here, a portion of the dura mater), contains central nervous system
    1. cranial cavity--within skull, contains brain
    2. spinal cavity--within vertebral canal, contains spinal cord
  2. Ventral cavity--lined with serous membrane, contains respiratory, cardiac, digestive, urinary, and reproductive viscera
    1. thoracic cavity--within rib cage, floor is diaphragm

                                                               i.      right and left pleural cavities -- contain lungs

                                                             ii.      pericardial cavity - contains heart

                                                            iii.      mediastinum – heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, lymph and blood vessels, and nerves

    1. abdominopelvic cavity--occupies much of lower front torso

                                                               i.      abdominal cavity--contains stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys, most of the small and large intestine

                                                             ii.      pelvic cavity--contains the urinary bladder and most of the parts of the reproductive system

ii. Membranes

  • Serous (serosa) = Parietal (covers cavity) and Visceral (covers organ)
  • Fibrous = non-fluid filled, structural

E. Body Regions

right hypochondriac

epigastric

left hypochondriac

right lumbar

umbilical

left lumbar

right illiac

hypogastric

left illiac

F. Body Quadrants

Right Upper

Left Upper

Right Lower

Left Lower

 

 

 

 

Anatomical Terminology

 

 

Cephalic           Head

Facial               Face

Frontal             Forehead

Orbital              Eye

Otic                  Ear

Nasal               Nose

Buccal              Cheek

Oral                 Mouth

Mental              Chin

Cranial             Skull

Occipital           Base of skull

Cervical             Neck

Thoracic            Chest

Mammary          Breast

Sternal                Breastbone

Abdominal           Abdomen

Umbilical              Navel  

Coxal                 Hip

Pelvic                 Pelvis

Pubic                  Pubis

Dorsal                Back

Scapular             Shoulder blade

Vertebral            Spinal column

Lumbar                Loin

Appendicular         Extremities or limbs

Acromial               Shoulder

Axillary                  Armpit

Brachial                  Arm

Cubital                   Elbow

Antecubital             Anterior surface of elbow

Olecranal                Posterior surface of elbow

Antebrachial           Forearm

Carpal                    Wrist

Manual                    Hand

Palmar                     Palm of hand

Digital/phalangeal          Fingers/toes

Inguinal                         Groin

Gluteal                          Buttocks

Femoral                        Thigh

Patellar                         Anterior surface of knee

Popliteal                        Hollow behind knee

Crural                            Leg

Sural                             Calf

Fibular                          Lateral side of leg below knee

Tarsal                           Ankle

Pedal                            Foot

Calcaneal                       Heal

Plantar                          Sole of foot

Dorsum                         Back of hand/top of foot

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 



 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DRAFT: This module has unpublished changes.