BODY ORGANIZATION
Anatomy = Structure Physiology = Function
I. Structural Organization/Organ Systems:
Body Systems
1. Integumentary System
Components: skin, hair, nails, sense receptors, sweat glands, oil glands
Functions: protection, regulation of body temp, synthesis of chemicals, sense organ
2. Skeletal System
Components: bones, joints, ligaments
Functions: support, movement, storage of minerals, blood cell formation
3. Muscular System
Components: muscles: skeletal, smooth, cardiac, tendons
Function: movement, maintenance of body posture, heat production
4. Nervous System
Components: brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
Functions: communication, integration, control, recognition of sensory stimuli
production of nerve impulses caused by stimuli; control is fast-acting and of short duration
5. Endocrine System Structure
Components:
In skull:
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
In neck
Thyroid glands
Parathyroid glands
In mediastinum
Thymus glands
In abdominal cavity
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries & Testes
Functions: secretion of hormones into blood, communication, integration, control
control is slow- acting and of long duration; regulates growth, metabolism, reproduction, fluid and electrolyte balance
6. Cardiovascular System
Components: heart, blood vessels
Functions: transportation, regulation of body temp., immunity (body defense)
7a. Lymphatic System
Components: lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen
Function: transportation, immunity
7b. Immune System
Components: Unique cells, Phagocytes, Secretory cells, Specialized protein compounds,
Antibodies, complements
Function: Defense against disease
8. Respiratory System
Components: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs,
Functions: Exchange of CO2 and O2 in alveoli of lungs, Filtration of irritants from inspired air, Regulation of acid-base balance
9. Digestive System
Components:
Primary: Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Sm. Intestine, Lg. Intestine, Rectum, Anal Canal
Secondary: Teeth, Salivary glands, Tongue, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Appendix, Function: Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, Absorption of nutrients
10. Urinary System
Components: Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra
Functions: “Clearing” blood of waste products - excreted as urine; electrolyte, water, and acid-base balance; In male, urethra has urinary and reproductive functions
11. Reproductive System
Components:
Male:
Gonads: testes
Genital Ducts: vas deferens, urethra
Accessory Organ: prostate
Supporting Structures: genitalia (penis and scrotum)
Female:
Gonads: ovaries
Accessory Organs: uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes
Supporting Structures: genitalia (vulva), mammary glands (breasts)
Functions for both: Survival of the species, production of sex cells, sex hormones
II. Anatomical References
A. Directional terms
anterior (ventral)=front | intermediate=between medial and lateral visceral=associated with organ |
B. Regional Terms
cephalic=head | brachial=arm | tarsal=ankle |
C. Body Planes
Orientation of Plane | Adjective |
parallel to the long axis | midsagittal - separates into equal right and left portions, it is the mid-line of the body parasigittal - separates into unequal right and left portions frontal (coronal) - parallel to the axis and separates the body into anterior and posterior portions |
perpendicular to the long axis | transverse - separates the body into superior and inferior portions |
diagonal to the long axis | oblique - any which intersects the axis at other than a right angle, separating the body on a diagonal |
D. Body Cavities and Membranes
i. Cavities
- Dorsal cavity--lined with fibrous periosteum (here, a portion of the dura mater), contains central nervous system
- cranial cavity--within skull, contains brain
- spinal cavity--within vertebral canal, contains spinal cord
- Ventral cavity--lined with serous membrane, contains respiratory, cardiac, digestive, urinary, and reproductive viscera
- thoracic cavity--within rib cage, floor is diaphragm
i. right and left pleural cavities -- contain lungs
ii. pericardial cavity - contains heart
iii. mediastinum – heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, lymph and blood vessels, and nerves
- abdominopelvic cavity--occupies much of lower front torso
i. abdominal cavity--contains stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys, most of the small and large intestine
ii. pelvic cavity--contains the urinary bladder and most of the parts of the reproductive system
ii. Membranes
- Serous (serosa) = Parietal (covers cavity) and Visceral (covers organ)
- Fibrous = non-fluid filled, structural
E. Body Regions
right hypochondriac | epigastric | left hypochondriac |
right lumbar | umbilical | left lumbar |
right illiac | hypogastric | left illiac |
F. Body Quadrants
Right Upper | Left Upper |
Right Lower | Left Lower |
Anatomical Terminology
Cephalic Head
Facial Face
Frontal Forehead
Orbital Eye
Otic Ear
Nasal Nose
Buccal Cheek
Oral Mouth
Mental Chin
Cranial Skull
Occipital Base of skull
Cervical Neck
Thoracic Chest
Mammary Breast
Sternal Breastbone
Abdominal Abdomen
Umbilical Navel
Coxal Hip
Pelvic Pelvis
Pubic Pubis
Dorsal Back
Scapular Shoulder blade
Vertebral Spinal column
Lumbar Loin
Appendicular Extremities or limbs
Acromial Shoulder
Axillary Armpit
Brachial Arm
Cubital Elbow
Antecubital Anterior surface of elbow
Olecranal Posterior surface of elbow
Antebrachial Forearm
Carpal Wrist
Manual Hand
Palmar Palm of hand
Digital/phalangeal Fingers/toes
Inguinal Groin
Gluteal Buttocks
Femoral Thigh
Patellar Anterior surface of knee
Popliteal Hollow behind knee
Crural Leg
Sural Calf
Fibular Lateral side of leg below knee
Tarsal Ankle
Pedal Foot
Calcaneal Heal
Plantar Sole of foot
Dorsum Back of hand/top of foot